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HACKERS, HEROES OF THE COMPUTER REVOLUTION
1
Hackers, Heroes of the
Computer Revolution
by Steven Levy
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HACKERS, HEROES OF THE COMPUTER REVOLUTION
2
Chapters 1 and 2 of
Hackers, Heroes of the Computer Revolution
by Steven Levy
Who's Who
The Wizards and their Machines
Bob Albrecht
Found of People's Computer Company who took visceral pleasure
in exposing youngsters to computers.
Altair 8800
The pioneering microcomputer that galvanized hardware hackers.
Building this kit made you learn hacking. Then you tried to
figure out what to DO with it.
Apple II ][
Steve Wozniak's friendly, flaky, good-looking computer,
wildly successful and the spark and soul of a thriving industry.
Atari 800
This home computer gave great graphics to game hackers like John Harris,
though the company that made it was loath to tell you how it worked.
Bob and Carolyn Box
World-record-holding gold prospectors turned software stars,
working for Sierra On-Line.
Doug Carlston
Corporate lawyer who chucked it all to form the Broderbund
software company.
Bob Davis
Left job in liquor store to become best-selling author
of Sierra On-Line computer game "Ulysses and the Golden Fleece."
Success was his downfall.
Peter Deutsch
Bad in sports, brilliant at math, Peter was still in short pants
when he stubled on the TX-0 at MIT--and hacked it
along with the masters.
Steve Dompier
Homebrew member who first made the Altair sing,
and later wrote the "Targe" game on the Sol
which entranced Tom Snyder.
John Draper
The notorious "Captain Crunch" who fearlessly explored
the phone systems, got jailed, hacked microprocessors.
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HACKERS, HEROES OF THE COMPUTER REVOLUTION
3
Cigarettes made his violent.
Mark Duchaineau
The young Dungeonmaster who copy-protected On-Lines disks
at his whim.
Chris Esponosa
Fourteen-year-old follower of Steve Wozniak
and early Apple employee.
Lee Felsenstein
Former "military editor" of Berkeley Barb,
and hero of an imaginary science-fiction novel,
he designed computers with "junkyard" approach
and was central figure in Bay Area hardware
hacking in the seventies.
Ed Fredkin
Gentle founder of Information International,
thought himself world's greates programmer
until he met Stew Nelson. Father figure to hackers.
Gordon French
Silver-haired hardware hacker whose garage held not cars
but his homebrewed Chicken Hawk comptuer, then held the
first Homebrew Computer Club meeting.
Richard Garriott
Astronaut's son who, as Lord British,
created Ultima world on computer disks.
Bill Gates
Cocky wizard, Harvard dropout who wrote Altair BASIC,
and complained when hackers copied it.
Bill Gosper
Horwitz of computer keyboards, master math and LIFE hacker
at MIT AI lab, guru of the Hacker Ethic and student of
Chinese restaurant menus.
Richard Greenblatt
Single-minded, unkempt, prolific, and canonical MIT hacker
who went into night phase so often that he zorched
his academic career. The hacker's hacker.
John Harris
The young Atari 800 game hacker who became Sierra On-Line's
star programmer, but yearned for female companionship.
IBM-PC
IBM's entry into the personal computer market
which amazingly included a bit of the Hacker Ethic,
and took over. [H.E. as open architecture.]
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HACKERS, HEROES OF THE COMPUTER REVOLUTION
4
IBM 704
IBM was The Enemy, and this was its machine,
the Hulking Giant computer in MIT's Building 26.
Later modified into the IBM 709, then the IBM 7090.
Batch-processed and intolerable.
Jerry Jewell
Vietnam vet turned programmer who founded Sirius Software.
Steven Jobs
Visionary, beaded, non-hacking youngster who took
Wozniak's Apple II ][, made a lot of deals,
and formed a company that would make a billion dollars.
Tom Knight
At sixteen, an MIT hacker who would name the
Incompatible Time-sharing System. Later a
Greenblatt nemesis over the LISP machine schism.
Alan Kotok
The chubby MIT student from Jersey who worked
under the rail layout at TMRC, learned the phone system
at Western Electric, and became a legendary TX-0 and PDP-1 hacker.
Effrem Lipkin
Hacker-activist from New York who loved machines
but hated their uses. Co-Founded Community Memory;
friend of Felsenstein.
LISP Machine
The ultimate hacker computer, invented mosly by Greenblatt
and subject of a bitter dispute at MIT.
"Uncle" John McCarthy
Absent-minded but brilliant MIT [later Stanford] professor
who helped pioneer computer chess, artificial intelligence, LISP.
Bob Marsh
Berkeley-ite and Homebrewer who shared garage with Felsenstein
and founded Processor Technology, which made the Sol computer.
Roger Melen
Homebrewer who co-founded Cromemco company to make
circuit boards for Altair. His "Dazzler" played LIFE
programs on his kitchen table.
Louis Merton
Pseudonym for the AI chess hacker whose tendency
to go catatonic brought the hacker community together.
Jude Milhon
Met Lee Felsenstein through a classified ad in the
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HACKERS, HEROES OF THE COMPUTER REVOLUTION
5
Berkeley Barb, and became more than a friend--
a member of the Community Memory collective.
Marvin Minsky
Playful and brilliant MIT prof who headed the AI lave
and allowed the hackers to run free.
Fred Moore
Vagabond pacifist who hated money, loved technology,
and co-founded Homebrew Club.
Stewart Nelson
Buck-toothed, diminutive, but fiery AI lab hacker
who connected the PDP-1 comptuer to hack the phone system.
Later co-founded the Systems Concepts company.
Ted Nelson
Self-described "innovator" and noted curmudgeon
who self-published the influential Computer Lib book.
Russel Noftsker
Harried administrator of MIT AI lab in the late sixties;
later president of Symbolics company.
Adam Osborne
Bangkok-born publisher-turned-computer-manufacturer
who considered himself a philsopher. Founded Osborne
Computer Company to make "adequate" machines.
PDP-1
Digital Equipment's first minicomputer, and in 1961
an interactive godsend to the MIT hackers and a
slap in the face to IBM fascism.
PDP-6
Designed in part by Kotok, this mainframe computer
was cornerstone of AI lab, with its gorgeious instruction set
and sixteen sexy registers.
Tom Pittman
The religious Homebrew hacker who lost his wife
but kept the faith with his Tiny Basic.
Ed Roberts
Enigmatic founder of MITS company who shook the world
with his Altair computer. He wanted to help people
build mental pyramids.
Steve [Slug] Russell
McCarthy's "coolie," who hacked the Spacewar program,
first videogame, on the PDP-1. Never made a dime from it.
Peter Samson
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